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Fregoso, T. A.; Foxgrover, A. C.; Jaffe, B. E. 2023. Sediment deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in San Francisco Bay, California, 1971–1990 and 1999–2020. United States Geological Survey Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center: Santa Cruz, CA.

Bathymetric change analyses document historical patterns of sediment deposition and erosion, providing valuable insight into the sediment dynamics of coastal systems, including pathways of sediment and sediment-bound contaminants. In 2014 and 2015, the Office for Coastal Management, in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Coastal Management, provided funding for new bathymetric surveys of large portions of San Francisco Bay. A total of 93 bathymetric surveys were conducted during this 2-year period, using a combination of interferometric sidescan and multibeam sonar systems. These data, along with recent NOAA, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and private contractor surveys collected from 1999 to 2020 (hereinafter referred to as 2010s), were used to create the most comprehensive bathymetric digital elevation models (DEMs) of San Francisco Bay since the 1980s. Comparing DEMs created from these 2010s surveys with USGS DEMs created from NOAA’s 1971–1990 (hereinafter referred to as 1980s) surveys provides information on the quantities and patterns of erosion and deposition in San Francisco Bay during the 9 to 47 years between surveys. This analysis reveals that in the areas surveyed in both the 1980s and 2010s, the bay floor lost about 34 million cubic meters of sediment since the 1980s. Results from this study can be used to assess how San Francisco Bay has responded to changes in the system, such as sea-level rise and variation in sediment supply from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and local tributaries, and supports the creation of a new, system-wide sediment budget. This report provides data on the quantities and patterns of sediment volume change in San Francisco Bay for ecosystem managers that are pertinent to various sediment-related issues, including restoration of tidal marshes, exposure of legacy contaminated sediment, and strategies for the beneficial use of dredged sediment.

Fregoso, T. A.; Jaffe, B. E.; Foxgrover, A. C. 2023. Bathymetric change analysis in San Francisco Bay, California, from 1971 to 2020. United States Geological Survey Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center: Santa Cruz, CA.

This data release provides bathymetric change grids of four geographic areas of San Francisco Bay, California, comparing digital elevation models (DEMs) created from bathymetric data collected in the 1970s and 1980s with DEMs created from bathymetric data collected in the 2010s and 2020. These types of change analyses can provide information on the quantities and patterns of erosion and deposition in San Francisco Bay over the 9 to 47 years between surveys, and they reveals that the bay floor lost about 34 million cubic meters of sediment between the intervening time period. Results from this study can be used to assess how San Francisco Bay has responded to changes in the system such as sea-level rise and variation in sediment supply from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and local tributaries, and supports the creation of a new, system-wide sediment budget. These bathymetric change grids can also provide data to ecosystem managers about the quantities and patterns of sediment volume change in San Francisco Bay to assist in decision-making for a variety of sediment-related issues, including restoration of tidal marshes, exposure of legacy contaminated sediment, and strategies for the beneficial use of dredged sediment.

Fregoso, T. A.; Jaffe, B. E.; Foxgrover, A. C. 2023. Bathymetric change analysis in San Francisco Bay, California, from 1971 to 2020. United States Geological Survey.

This data release provides bathymetric change grids of four geographic areas of San Francisco Bay, California, comparing digital elevation models (DEMs) created from bathymetric data collected in the 1970s and 1980s with DEMs created from bathymetric data collected in the 2010s and 2020. These types of change analyses can provide information on the quantities and patterns of erosion and deposition in San Francisco Bay over the 9 to 47 years between surveys, and they reveals that the bay floor lost about 34 million cubic meters of sediment between the intervening time period. Results from this study can be used to assess how San Francisco Bay has responded to changes in the system such as sea-level rise and variation in sediment supply from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and local tributaries, and supports the creation of a new, system-wide sediment budget. These bathymetric change grids can also provide data to ecosystem managers about the quantities and patterns of sediment volume change in San Francisco Bay to assist in decision-making for a variety of sediment-related issues, including restoration of tidal marshes, exposure of legacy contaminated sediment, and strategies for the beneficial use of dredged sediment.

Fregoso, T. A.; Foxgrover, A. C.; Jaffe, B. E. 2023. Sediment Deposition, Erosion, and Bathymetric Change in San Francisco Bay, California, 1971–1990 and 1999–2020. United State Geological Survey: Santa Cruz, CA.

Bathymetric change analyses document historical patterns of sediment deposition and erosion, providing valuable insight into the sediment dynamics of coastal systems, including pathways of sediment and sediment-bound contaminants. In 2014 and 2015, the California Ocean Protection Council, in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Coastal Management, provided funding for new bathymetric surveys of large portions of San Francisco Bay. A total of 93 bathymetric surveys were conducted during this 2-year period, using a combination of interferometric sidescan and multibeam sonar systems. These data, along with recent NOAA, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and private contractor surveys collected from 1999 to 2020 (hereinafter referred to as 2010s), were used to create the most comprehensive bathymetric digital elevation models (DEMs) of San Francisco Bay since the 1980s. Comparing DEMs created from these 2010s surveys with USGS DEMs created from NOAA’s 1971–1990 (hereinafter referred to as 1980s) surveys provides information on the quantities and patterns of erosion and deposition in San Francisco Bay during the 9 to 47 years between surveys. This analysis reveals that in the areas surveyed in both the 1980s and 2010s, the bay floor lost about 34 million cubic meters of sediment since the 1980s. Results from this study can be used to assess how San Francisco Bay has responded to changes in the system, such as sea-level rise and variation in sediment supply from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and local tributaries, and supports the creation of a new, system-wide sediment budget. This report provides data on the quantities and patterns of sediment volume change in San Francisco Bay for ecosystem managers that are pertinent to various sediment-related issues, including restoration of tidal marshes, exposure of legacy contaminated sediment, and strategies for the beneficial use of dredged sediment.

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Franz, A.; Salop, P. 2020. 2019 Bay RMP Water Cruise Plan. SFEI Contribution No. 971. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.
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Franz, A.; Trowbridge, P.; Salop, P. 2018. 2018 RMP Sediment Sampling and Analysis Plan. SFEI Contribution No. 904. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.
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Foley, M.; Davis, J.; Yee, D. 2023. Multi-Year Plan 2023. SFEI Contribution No. 1096. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, California.

The purpose of this document is to guide efforts and summarize plans developed within the RMP. The intended audience includes representatives of the many organizations who directly participate in the Program. This document will also be useful for individuals who are not directly involved with the RMP but are interested in an overview of the Program and where it is heading.  

The organization of this Multi-Year Plan parallels the RMP planning process (Figure 2). Section 1 presents the long-term management plans of the agencies responsible for managing water quality in the Bay and the overarching management questions that guide the Program. The agencies’ long-term management plans provide the foundation for RMP planning (Figure 2). In order to turn the plans into effective actions, the RMP distills prioritized lists of management questions that need to be answered (Page 8). The prioritized management questions then serve as a roadmap for scientists on the Technical Review Committee, workgroups, and strategy teams to plan and implement scientific studies to address the most urgent information needs. This information sharpens the focus on management actions that will most effectively and efficiently improve water quality in the Bay. 

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Foley, M.; Christian, E.; Goeden, B.; Ross, B. 2020. Expert review of the sediment screening guidelines for the beneficial reuse of dredged material in San Francisco Bay. SFEI Contribution No. 978. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.

The beneficial reuse of dredged sediment is one strategy in a broader portfolio that is being developed for San Francisco Bay to help marshes adapt to rising sea level. Dredged sediment is currently being used in restoration projects around the Bay, but additional sediment is needed to meet the demand. The guidelines for determining if sediment is appropriate for beneficial reuse were developed twenty years ago. As part of assessing the role of dredged sediment in Bay restoration and adaptation strategies, the Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality (RMP) and stakeholders recognized the need to revisit the beneficial reuse guidelines for dredged sediment. In September 2019, the RMP convened a workshop that included four technical experts to review the beneficial reuse guidelines. The experts were asked to answer three questions: 1) Are the current screening guidelines appropriate for beneficial reuse? 2) Is the current screening process appropriate and adequate? If not, what are your recommendations for improving it? and 3) How should bioaccumulation potential be addressed for the beneficial reuse of sediment? Based on the discussion of these three questions, six recommendations emerged from the workshop.

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Foley, M. 2019. 2020 RMP Multi-Year Plan. SFEI Contribution No. 959. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.
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Foley, M. 2022. 2023 Detailed Workplan and Budget. SFEI Contribution No. 1117. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, California.
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Foley, M. M.; Davis, J. A.; Buzby, N. 2024. Selenium Concentrations in Water and Clams in North San Francisco Bay, 2019-2020. SFEI Contribution No. 1116. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.

The Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality in San Francisco Bay (RMP) started implementing a new design for North Bay selenium (Se) sampling in 2019 after a long-term USGS program was terminated in 2017. To determine if the RMP sampling and analysis methods are producing similar results to the USGS study, we compared Se concentrations and stable isotope values in clams at two stations in Suisun Bay, California, that were sampled by the USGS long-term monitoring program from 1995-2010 and the RMP in 2019-2020. We also compared Se concentrations in water (dissolved and particulate) from the RMP Status and Trends sampling in Suisun Bay (1993-2019) to the samples collected as part of this study. 

Spatial patterns in clam Se concentrations between the USGS and RMP studies were similar, with lower concentrations at Station 4.1 (Suisun Bay) than at Station 8.1 (Carquinez Strait). Se concentrations at both stations were consistently lower for the RMP samples than those reported in the long-term USGS dataset. Stable isotope values for δ13C and δ15N were similar for the USGS and RMP samples with δ13C and δ15N more enriched at Station 8.1 than 4.1. However, there was not close alignment of the RMP samples to the USGS long-term average, particularly at Station 8.1. Average dissolved Se concentrations in water were consistently lower than the long-term average at Station 4.1 and similar to or above the long-term RMP Status and Trends (S&T) average at Station 8.1. Particulate Se concentrations at Stations 4.1 and 8.1 were nearly one-third of the long-term S&T average in Suisun Bay, likely due to a change in methods for calculating particulate Se. 

Additional information is needed to evaluate whether the lower Se concentrations measured in clams as part of the RMP study could be suggestive of declining Se concentrations in North Bay clams between 2010 and 2019 or an artifact of the new analytical lab. Additional data from samples collected by the USGS from 2011-2017 should be examined to fill the gap between the datasets. Continued RMP monitoring will also be valuable in evaluating long-term trends.

 

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Foley, M. 2021. 2021 RMP Multi-Year Plan. SFEI Contribution No. 1027. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.
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Foley, M.; Sutton, R.; Yee, D.; Salop, P. 2021. 2021 RMP Water Cruise Plan. SFEI Contribution No. 1050. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, California.

This report details plans associated with the annual Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality in the San Francisco Estuary (RMP) water cruise. The RMP water sampling program was redesigned in 2002 to adopt a randomized sampling design at thirty-one sites in place of the twenty-six base program stations sampled previously. In 2007, the number of sites was decreased to twenty-two stations, and it remains as such for 2021. The analytes for 2021 have been modified based on the Status and Trends (S&T) Review process that started in 2020. The analytes that are being removed from the program include selenium and methylmercury (dissolved and particulate), while bisphenols and organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been added to S&T monitoring. 

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Foley, M. M. 2022. 2022 RMP Multi-Year Plan. SFEI Contribution No. 1058. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, California.
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Foley, M. 2019. 2019 Bay RMP Multi-Year Plan. SFEI Contribution No. 940. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.
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Flegal, A. R.; Conaway, C. H.; Kerin, E. 2002. Sequential Extraction of Mercury from Sediments in San Francisco Bay Estuary. Environmental Science and Technology . SFEI Contribution No. 126.
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Flegal, A. R.; Smith, G. J. 1993. Silver in San Francisco Bay estuarine waters. Estuaries 16, 547-558 . SFEI Contribution No. 175.
Flegal, A. R.; Rivera-Duarte, I. 1994. Benthic lead fluxes in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 3307-3313 . SFEI Contribution No. 180.
Flegal, A. R.; Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A. 1996. Trace metal concentrations in the surf zone and in coastal waters off Baja California, Mexico. Environmental Science and Technology 30, 1575-1580 . SFEI Contribution No. 195.
Flegal, A. R.; Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.; Rivera-Duarte, I. 1996. Silver contamination in aquatic environments. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 148, 139-162 . SFEI Contribution No. 192.
Flegal, A. R.; Abu-Saba, K. E. 1997. Particulate sources and sinks of dissolved chromium in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Environmental Science and Technology . SFEI Contribution No. 25.
Flegal, A. R. 1997. Lead levels in the oceans. Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation(H. Ben-Zvi, editor)John Wiley & Sons, Inc. In press . SFEI Contribution No. 24.
Flegal, A. R.; Bruland, K. W.; Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.; Kozelka, P. B. 1997. Physicochemical speciation of lead in South San Francisco Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 44, 649-658 . SFEI Contribution No. 26.
Flegal, A. R.; Rivera-Duarte, I. 1997. Benthic fluxes of silver in San Francisco Bay. Marine Chemistry 56, 15-26 . SFEI Contribution No. 214.
Flegal, A. R.; Squire, S.; Scelfo, G. H.; Revenaugh, J. 2002. Decadal trends of silver and lead contamination in San Francisco Bay surface waters. Environmental Science and Techology 36, 2379-2386 . SFEI Contribution No. 276.
Flegal, A. R.; Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.; Rivera-Duarte, I. 1996. Distribution of Colloidal trace metals in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 4933-4944 . SFEI Contribution No. 194.
Flegal, A. R.; Scelfo, G. M.; Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.; Ritson, P. I.; Rivera-Duarte, I.; Smith, G. J.; Gordon, M. R. 1996. Metal contamination in San Francisco Bay waters: Historic perturbations, contemporary concentrations, and future considerations. San Francisco Bay: The Ecosystem(J.T. Rollibaugh, ed.)American Association for the Advancement of Science 173-188 . SFEI Contribution No. 12.
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Flegal, A. R.; Abu-Saba, K. E. 1997. Temporally variable freshwater sources of dissolved chromium to the San Francisco Bay estuary. Environmental Science and Technology 31, 3455-3460 . SFEI Contribution No. 197.
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Fiorillo, J. T. 1994. Implementation Manual for the San Leandro Creek Watershed Awareness Program, 1993-1994. SFEI Contribution No. 177. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, Ca. p 75.
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Ferreira, J. C. T.; Lacy, J. R.; Mcgill, S. C.; WinklerPrins, L. T.; Nowacki, D. J.; Stevens, A. W.; Tan, A. C. 2023. Hydrodynamic and sediment transport data from Whale's Tail marsh and adjacent waters in South San Francisco Bay, California 2021-2022. United States Geological Survey.

The U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center collected hydrodynamic and sediment-transport data at shallow water sites in South San Francisco Bay and in the Whale's Tail South marsh in Eden Landing Ecological Reserve in Alameda County, CA in 2021 and 2022. This data release includes hydrodynamic and sediment transport time-series data spanning from June 2021 to January 2022, as well as sediment bed properties and water column suspended-sediment concentrations Details on station location, instrumentation, and measured variables are included in sections for each data type. The data were collected to determine sediment supply and sediment delivery to marshes, both in the bay and in tidal creeks as well as across the bay-marsh interface during varying tidal and wave conditions. The goal of the project was to more accurately predict the fate of marshes and to optimize management actions. They were collected as part of a collaborative study with the USGS Western Ecological Research Center. These data are intended for science researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public.

Ferreira, J. C. T.; Mcgill, S. C.; Tan, A. C.; Lacy, J. R. 2023. Grain size, bulk density, and carbon content of sediment collected from Whale's Tail South marsh and adjacent bay floor, South San Francisco Bay, California, 2021-2022. U.S. Geological Survey.

Sediment samples were collected on and adjacent to the Whale’s Tail South marsh. Short push-cores of bed sediment were collected in South San Francisco Bay adjacent to Whales Tail South marsh on five days from June through August 2021 and 3 days from November 2021 to January 2022. Additional samples were taken from ceramic tiles placed on the marsh to measure sediment deposition and from rip-up clasts deposited on the marsh edge. Samples were analyzed for sediment properties including bulk density, particle size distribution, and percent carbon. These data were collected as part of a collaborative study with the USGS Western Ecological Research Center to quantify sediment fluxes, deposition on the marsh, and changes in marsh morphology at Whale's Tail marsh in southern San Francisco Bay.

Fairey, R.; Sigala, M. 2017. 2017 Margins Microplastics Cruise Report. SFEI Contribution No. 848. Coastal Conservancy & Research: Moss Landing, CA.
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San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI). 2016. 2016 Regional Monitoring Program Update. SFEI Contribution No. 790. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.
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San Francisco Estuary Institute. 2023. Ecology for Health: Design Guidance for Fostering Human Health and Biodiversity in Cities. Funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. SFEI Contribution No. 1130. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.

Ecology for HealthGreenspaces provide crucial nature contact for urban residents. When we have greater access and exposure to nature in the places where we live, work, learn, and play, we tend to experience better human health outcomes. Urban parks, trees, and vegetation encourage physical activity, reduce anxiety and depression, support social cohesion by providing gathering spaces, and are associated with reduced mortality and improved overall health.

While traditionally biodiversity conservation has focused on large open spaces, cities can also play a key role in supporting biodiversity. Many of the world’s major cities developed in biodiversity hotspots due to historical settlement patterns dependent on natural resources. Thus cities contain vital remnant habitat as well as globally important native and endangered species that rely on urban greenspaces.

As urbanization increases, cities around the world are developing and implementing plans to better integrate nature within urban settings. Many of these plans emphasize the importance of urban greening in providing multiple, substantial benefits such as biodiversity conservation, stormwater management, human health and well-being improvements, climate resilience, and more. However not all greenspaces are created equal in their biodiversity support and human health provision.

The goal of this document is to provide science-based guidance for designing urban spaces that foster both human health and urban biodiversity. Anyone making decisions about land use and urban design in cities across the world can benefit from the recommendations in this document (including community organizations, local non-profits, local leaders and policy makers, city planners, urban designers, landscape architects, engineers, gardeners/horticulturists/arborists, residents, and landowners). However, the majority of the document is specifically aimed at supporting designers and planners who work at the planning, site, and detailed design scales such as landscape architects, civil engineers, and urban designers. As noted in more detail in the limitations section below, this document synthesizes global research and design strategies while strongly informed by our experience as scientists and designers in California’s San Francisco Bay Area.

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San Francisco Estuary Institute. 2003. 2001 Annual Results: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances. SFEI Contribution No. 280. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Oakland, CA.
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San Francisco Estuary Institute. 2010. 2008 RMP Annual Monitoring Results. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Oakland, CA.
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San Francisco Estuary Institute. 2004. 2002 Annual Results. SFEI Contribution No. 318.
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San Francisco Estuary Institute. 2011. 2009 Annual Monitoring Results. SFEI Contribution No. 629. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Oakland, CA.
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San Francisco Estuary Institute. 2002. 2000 Annual Results: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances. SFEI Contribution No. 238. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Oakland, CA.
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San Francisco Estuary Institute. 2015. 2013-2014 Annual Monitoring Results. SFEI Contribution No. 758. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Richmond, CA.
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San Francisco Estuary Institute. 2001. 1999 Annual Results: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances. SFEI Contribution No. 351. San Francisco Estuary Institute: Oakland, CA.
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